{"id":18413,"date":"2020-04-23T09:47:47","date_gmt":"2020-04-23T09:47:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/?p=18413"},"modified":"2020-04-23T09:47:47","modified_gmt":"2020-04-23T09:47:47","slug":"the-assumption-of-palm-oil-as-the-cause-global-deforestation-is-completely-wrong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/2020\/04\/23\/the-assumption-of-palm-oil-as-the-cause-global-deforestation-is-completely-wrong\/","title":{"rendered":"The Assumption Of Palm Oil As The Cause Global Deforestation Is Completely Wrong"},"content":{"rendered":"

Deforestation is one of global enviromental issue that are often used western countries (Europe and United States of America) to blamed developing countries include Indonesia. This issue become global attention because the effects of deforestation are massive, such as the loss of biodiversity and climate change. Oil palm plantation are also often linked as the main cause of deforestation in Indonesia. And Indonesia as the world\u2019s largest producer of palm oil is also accused as the country with the highest deforestation in the world. This issue was was a black campaign that specifically attacks oil palm and Indonesia.<\/p>\n

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featured image via inhabitat.com<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Based on facts and data sourced from empirical studies show that deforestation are global phenomenon that occurs throughout the world since 1600s. Deforestation is also an initial and normal process of economic development (stages of development) in each country. Deforestation is happening now in Indonesia and other tropical countries for economic development, also occurred in Europe and the United States at the beginning of civilization (1600-1900s). Even when compared to the level of deforestation in the region (temperate forests) are still higher than tropical forests. It\u2019s also confirmed by primary forest (virgin forest) in Europe relatively small.<\/p>\n

The main contributing factors of global deforestation show that the agricultural sector was the main driver of global deforestation in 1990-2008. Meanwhile, agricultural products that bigest contribution to global deforestation are cereal and soybean. Contribution oil palm plantation of global deforestation only 2 percent. This means that global deforestation due to land expansion for cereal (rice, corn, wheat) and soybean is higher than oil palm plantation. The link between oil palm expansion in Indonesia as the main driver of global deforestation is hoax.<\/p>\n

INTRODUCTION<\/strong><\/p>\n

Deforestation is one of global enviromental issues consume global attention, because the impacts caused deforestation such as the loss of biodiversity and it\u2019s influence on global climate change. The linking of deforestation and oil palm plantations as a issue used by western country as \u201cweapon\u201d to attack oil palm. Indonesia as the largest producer palm oil in the world also accused as a country with the highest deforestation in the world. That accusion is a black campaign that specially attacks the national palm oil industry. The paradigm of linking between deforestation and oil palm plantations also make polemic. Is global deforestation uniqeness or only occur to the producer of palm oil countries ?, so that paradigm is relevant. To answer it, this paper aims to trace the history of global deforestation.<\/p>\n

GLOBAL DEFORESTATION EVOLUTION<\/strong><\/p>\n

Deforestation that happen at this time is an accumulation since thousands years ago that occured in all of the world. Matthew\u2019s study (1983) revealed if deforestation of the world\u2019s forest during the 1600s till 1980 reached 701 million hectares which consist of 653 million hectares non tropical forest (93 percent) and only 48 million hectares tropical forests (7 percent). Land need along the increasing population and economic development became the reasons of deforestation. Prior economic development in sub tropical regions (such as Europe mainlad, North America) which caused deforestation sub-tropical forests (temperate forest) on period before 1900s. Meanwhile, tropical countries have only just begun develop an economic which has caused deforestation of tropical forests intensively since 1900s. In the pre-1700 to 1900s period, rate of deforestation forest in temperate region occure was very intensive, while the rate of tropical forest deforestation peaked in 1950- 1979 (Fig 1).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Deforestation of non tropical forest, which mostly occure on Europe land can be seen from decline in forest cover in European countries before 1800 (Kaplan et al, 2017) and in North America (USDA, 2014). The amount of deforestation in non tropical forests in Europe and North America also confirmed by small areas of the primary forest (virgin forest) which natural habitat ecosystem of endemic species. Sabatini\u2019s study et al (2017) revealed that the area of primary forest in Europe is currently relatively small at 1,4 million hectares in Finland, Ukraine, Bulgaria and Romania. Meanwhile, the area of global deforestation in period 1990-2008 reached 239 million hectares (European Comission, 2013). Most deforestation occured in South America (33 percent) and Africa (31 percent), while deforestation in South-East Asian region was 19 percent (Fig 2). Thet data show that the issue of Indonesian as a country with the highest deforestation in the world is hoax.<\/p>\n

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The main causes of global deforestation on period 1990-2008 were the agriculture products (29 percent), then the production of livestock products (24 percent), natural disaster (17 percent), housing and infrastructure construction (4 percent), industry (2 percent), and other factors (European Commission, 2013). Meanwhile, agriculture commodity that caused global deforestation during the period included (Fig 3) are cereal corps (8 percent), soybeans (6 percent), roots pulses (4 percent) and fruit, vegetables and nuts (3 percent) and palm oil (2 percent). The data shows that the expansion of cereal (rice, corn, wheat) and soybean plantation contributes highly global deforestation than oil palm plantation.\"\"<\/p>\n

STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT AS ARGUMENTS OF GLOBAL DEFORESTATION<\/strong><\/p>\n

The need of land as a space for housing and economic development has been a major factor to driving deforestation in the world long ago. The phenomenon of the relationship between economic development (stages of development) and deforestation has long been a concern of world experts. The relationship between economic development and deforestation is known as Enviromental Kuznets Curve (EKC) (Fig. 4). At the beginning of development (preindustrial economies) which began by utilizing natural resources (forests) to increase income will be accompanied by increased environmental degradation \/ deforestation to a certain level (industrial economies). At stages service economy, the rate of deforestation is decreases (reforestation\/ afforestation increases) as income increases.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

The curve illustrate the trade-off relationship between economic development undertaken by developing countries and deforestation will always occur till a certain point. The massive phenomenon of deforestation has occurred in Europe and the United States since the 1600s as a result of civilization and economic development. Along with economic growth , the current rate of deforestation in western country began decline. European and United States of American are more luckyly because they can developed their economy first (compared to other regions \/ countries). When Europe was developed their economy, Indonesia and other developing countries at that time were still living under the european colonial era and just began to developing their economies since in the last three decades. This has implications for the deforestation rates of Indonesia developing countries which are relatively higher than those of Europe and the United States right now.<\/p>\n

Keenan et al\u2019s studi (2015) on period 1990-2015 revealed that countries classified as middle to lower income (below USD 12 Thousand\/capita) deforestation rates still increasing while countries classified as high income (more than USD 12 Thousand\/capita) deforestation rates has dropped dramatically and even turned into reforestation. The curve also provides another perspective that deforestation has also been carried out by western countries which have been corner Indonesia and other developing countries with using the deforestation\u2019s issue. Indonesia and other developing countries are also required to responsible for the legacy of deforestation which in fact states that western countries have also contributed to it in the past. This shows injustice especially for Indonesia and developing countries.<\/p>\n

CONCLUSION<\/strong><\/p>\n

Global deforestation has occured since period 1600s to 1980 with the forest loss reached 701 million hectares. Most deforestation occured in non-tropical forest (temperate forest) such as Europe and United states of America. Meanwhile, the area of deforestation has occured in period 1990-2008 reached 239 million hectares mostly occured in South America and Africa. The land expansion to produce sereal and soybean become the main cause of global deforestation in that period. In other words, the views of western countries about deforestation issue as a unique phenomenom and only occure in Indonesia also expansion of palm oil plantation as main driver of global deforestation is a view that is not based on facts, data, history and a black campaign.<\/p>\n

REFERENCES<\/strong><\/p>\n

European Commission. 2013. The Impact of EU Consumption on Deforestation: Comprehensive Analysis of the Impact of EU Consumption on Deforestation. Final Report.<\/em><\/p>\n

FAO. 2012. State of The World\u2019s Forest (Chapter 2). <\/em>Rome (IT)<\/p>\n

Kaplan JO, et al. 2017. Constraining the Deforestation History of Europe: Evaluation of Historical Land Use Scenarios with Pollen-Based Land Cover Reconstructions. Land. 1-20<\/em><\/p>\n

Keenan RJ, et al. 2015. Dynamics of Global Forest Area: Results from the FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015. Forest Ecology and Management.<\/em> 352: 9-20<\/p>\n

Panayotou, T. 2003. Economic Growth and the Environment.<\/em> Harvard University and Cyprus International Institute of Management.<\/p>\n

Sabatini FM, et al. 2018. Where are Europe\u2019s Last Primary Forest?. Wiley Diversity and Distributions.<\/em> 1426-1439<\/p>\n

USDA. 2014. US Forest Resource Facts and Historical Trends. Washington, DC<\/p>\n

Source: palmoilina.asia | JOURNAL MONITOR EDITION 1 : OIL PALM PLANTATION ISN\u2019T THE MAIN CAUSE OF GLOBAL DEFORESTATION<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Deforestation is one of global enviromental issue that are often used western countries (Europe and United States of America) to blamed developing countries include Indonesia. This issue become global attention because the effects of deforestation are massive, such as the loss of biodiversity and climate change.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":18418,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","neve_meta_reading_time":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3708,3712],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-18413","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-publication","category-research"],"yoast_head":"\nThe Assumption Of Palm Oil As The Cause Global Deforestation Is Completely Wrong - Gabungan Pengusaha Kelapa Sawit Indonesia (GAPKI)<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Oil palm plantation are also often linked as the main cause of deforestation in Indonesia. 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