{"id":30456,"date":"2025-10-05T15:03:22","date_gmt":"2025-10-05T08:03:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/?p=30456"},"modified":"2025-10-09T15:09:06","modified_gmt":"2025-10-09T08:09:06","slug":"oil-palm-conducive-or-disruptive-to-water-conservation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/2025\/10\/05\/oil-palm-conducive-or-disruptive-to-water-conservation\/","title":{"rendered":"Oil Palm: Conducive Or Disruptive To Water Conservation?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>There are still many people who assume that oil palm trees are water-intensive plants that cause drought. However, scientific evidence has shown otherwise. The oil palm trees have proven to be efficient in water use and play a vital role in hydrological conservation.<!--more--><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/dir-site\/uploads\/2025\/10\/palmoil_rainwater_conservation_oilpalm_evapotransformation_.jpg?resize=948%2C616&amp;ssl=1\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Based on a variety of studies, the oil palm requires much less water if compared to many other oil crops. Compared with natural forests and industrial crops such as rubber, bamboo, or acacia, oil palms have the lowest rates of evapotranspiration and transpiration.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Evapotranspiration rate<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Evapotranspiration is the process of water evaporating into the atmosphere from soil and plants.<\/p>\n<p>Based on research by Coster (1938), the evapotranspiration rate of oil palms is only around 1,104 mm\/year, much lower than:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Leucaena and bamboo: 3,000 mm\/year<\/li>\n<li>Acacia: 2,400 mm\/year<\/li>\n<li>Sengon: 2,300 mm\/year<\/li>\n<li>Pine and teak: 1,300 mm\/year<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Transpiration rate<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Transpiration is the amount of water evaporated from plants due to process of respiration and photosynthesis.<\/p>\n<p>Studies from various sources (Kobayashi et al., 2014; Kohler et al., 2014; McJannet et al., 2007; Pradiko et al., 2022) show that oil palms have the lowest rate of transpiration:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rubber: 2.4 mm\/day<\/li>\n<li>Cocoa: 0.5 \u2013 2.2 mm\/day<\/li>\n<li>Primary forest: 1.0 \u2013 1.7 mm\/day<\/li>\n<li>Oil palm: only 0.46 mm\/day<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Water Footprint: Oil Palm uses rainwater, not groundwater<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Data from Mekonnen &amp; Hoekstra (2010) shows that the total water footprint required to produce 1.0 ton of palm oil is lower than that of other vegetable oils such as cotton, sunflower, coconut, rapeseed, and soybean.<\/p>\n<p>Most of water needs of oil palm trees are derived from rainwater (green water), not groundwater or surface water. It means that accusing oil palm plantations as the cause of depletion of groundwater reserves is scientifically baseless.<\/p>\n<p>Oil palm plants have two natural mechanisms for maintaining water balance and preventing drought in their surrounding areas.<\/p>\n<p>The layers of palm leaves cover almost the entire soil surface (canopy cover) in mature plants.<\/p>\n<p>This canopy protects the soil from direct rainwater splashes, reduces erosion, and minimizes surface water runoff.<\/p>\n<p>The oil palm&#8217;s root system is very deep, extensive, and fibrous. Those roots function as a natural network of biopores capable of:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Retaining water (high storage capacity),<\/li>\n<li>Increasing rainwater infiltration into the soil,<\/li>\n<li>Reducing surface water runoff, and<\/li>\n<li>Storing large amounts of groundwater reserves.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Various indicators, ranging from transpiration rates, evapotranspiration, to water footprints, show that oil palm is the crop with the lowest water requirements compared to other forest crops and vegetable oil commodities.<\/p>\n<p>In addition to its efficiency, oil palm also plays a vital role in water conservation and maintaining hydrological balance in its environment. (*)<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Coster, C. (1938). <em>Evapotranspiration in Tropical Crops<\/em>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Kobayashi, N., et al. (2014). <em>Transpiration Rates in Rubber Plantations<\/em>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Kohler, M., et al. (2014). <em>Water Balance and Transpiration in Cacao Systems<\/em>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Mc Jannet, D. et al. (2007). <em>Transpiration in Primary Forest Ecosystems<\/em>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Pradiko, D. et al. (2022). <em>Transpiration Efficiency in Oil Palm Plantations<\/em>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Mekonnen, M. M., &amp; Hoekstra, A. Y. (2010). <em>The Green, Blue and Grey Water Footprint of Crops and Derived Crop Products<\/em>. UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">PASPI (Palm Oil Agribusiness Strategic Policy Institute) &amp; BPDPKS (Badan Pengelola Dana Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit). (2025). <em>Palm Saves Water<\/em> [Infografis].<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>There are still many people who assume that oil palm trees are water-intensive plants that cause drought. However, scientific evidence has shown otherwise. The oil palm trees have proven to be efficient in water use and play a vital role in hydrological conservation.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":30457,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"off","neve_meta_content_width":70,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","neve_meta_reading_time":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[3708,3709,3720],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30456","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-publication","category-recent-news","category-sustainability"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Oil Palm: Conducive Or Disruptive To Water Conservation? - Gabungan Pengusaha Kelapa Sawit Indonesia (GAPKI)<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Based on a variety of studies, the oil palm requires much less water if compared to many other oil crops. 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It is vilified as not friendly to environment because it is considered threatening the water availability and potential to turn the oil palm plantation\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Publication&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Publication","link":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/category\/publication\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2022\/06\/palm_oil_water_river_iucn.webp?fit=800%2C470&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2022\/06\/palm_oil_water_river_iucn.webp?fit=800%2C470&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2022\/06\/palm_oil_water_river_iucn.webp?fit=800%2C470&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2022\/06\/palm_oil_water_river_iucn.webp?fit=800%2C470&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":29190,"url":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/2025\/01\/11\/oil-palm-water-efficient-and-ecofriendly-plant\/","url_meta":{"origin":30456,"position":1},"title":"Oil Palm: Water Efficient And Ecofriendly Plant","author":"admin","date":"January 11, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"JAKARTA \u2013 After being incriminated as the cause of deforestation, the oil palm plantations are also accused of being not ecofriendly and potential to cause drought and desertification. Even the oil palm trees are often stigmatized as a water-wasting plant and threatens the water resources in areas where they are\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Publication&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Publication","link":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/category\/publication\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2025\/01\/sawit_hemat-air_water_footprint.webp?fit=1200%2C686&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2025\/01\/sawit_hemat-air_water_footprint.webp?fit=1200%2C686&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2025\/01\/sawit_hemat-air_water_footprint.webp?fit=1200%2C686&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2025\/01\/sawit_hemat-air_water_footprint.webp?fit=1200%2C686&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2025\/01\/sawit_hemat-air_water_footprint.webp?fit=1200%2C686&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":29870,"url":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/2025\/06\/21\/hidden-fact-of-oil-palm-water-efficient-and-ecofriendly\/","url_meta":{"origin":30456,"position":2},"title":"Hidden Fact Of Oil Palm: Water Efficient And Ecofriendly","author":"admin","date":"June 21, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"There are still many people who think of palm oil as a water-wasting crop that causes drought. Is it true? Let\u2019s find out the real facts! MYTH: Oil palm is a water-intensive plant and causes drought. FACT: The oil palm is a water-efficient plant and even significantly contributes to hydrological\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Publication&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Publication","link":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/category\/publication\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2025\/06\/palmoil_water_air_river_sungai_AI_.jpg?fit=457%2C255&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":19232,"url":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/2020\/10\/13\/oil-palm-saves-water-and-land-harmless-to-environment\/","url_meta":{"origin":30456,"position":3},"title":"Oil Palm Saves Water And Land, Harmless To Environment!","author":"admin","date":"October 13, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Jakarta \u2013 There have been many palm oil critics who propagated that the oil palm trees are water-wasteful plants. They claimed that the oil palm trees consume a lot of water that cause drought. The baseless propaganda has influenced the public opinion and led many people to attribute the global\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Publication&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Publication","link":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/category\/publication\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2016\/11\/sawit-air-iopri.jpg?fit=650%2C416&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2016\/11\/sawit-air-iopri.jpg?fit=650%2C416&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2016\/11\/sawit-air-iopri.jpg?fit=650%2C416&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":18822,"url":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/2020\/07\/11\/ecology-the-hidden-side-of-palm-oil\/","url_meta":{"origin":30456,"position":4},"title":"Ecology: The Hidden Side Of Palm Oil","author":"admin","date":"July 11, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Do you think palm oil has only had economic and social benefits?. Well, if you think so, then you will surely find yourself wrong when you make a visit to one of the oil palm plantation areas anywhere in Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Sulawesi. There you can find the real evidences\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Publication&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Publication","link":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/category\/publication\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2020\/07\/palm_oil_more_.jpg?fit=800%2C480&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2020\/07\/palm_oil_more_.jpg?fit=800%2C480&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2020\/07\/palm_oil_more_.jpg?fit=800%2C480&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2020\/07\/palm_oil_more_.jpg?fit=800%2C480&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":29769,"url":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/2025\/06\/01\/behind-its-criticism-eu-greatly-relies-on-palm-oil\/","url_meta":{"origin":30456,"position":5},"title":"Behind Its Criticism, EU Greatly Relies on Palm Oil","author":"admin","date":"June 1, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"JAKARTA \u2013 The Palm Oil Agribusiness Strategic Policy Institute\u2019s (PASPI) Executive Director Tungkot Sipayung emphasizes the significance of cultivation approach to create a balance between in situ and ex situ conservation as part of efforts to preserve Indonesia\u2019s biodiversity. \u201cCultivation is not only a conservation solution, but it also stands\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Publication&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Publication","link":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/category\/publication\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2024\/03\/palmoil_bioenergy_global.nhst_.tech_.jpg?fit=736%2C408&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2024\/03\/palmoil_bioenergy_global.nhst_.tech_.jpg?fit=736%2C408&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2024\/03\/palmoil_bioenergy_global.nhst_.tech_.jpg?fit=736%2C408&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2024\/03\/palmoil_bioenergy_global.nhst_.tech_.jpg?fit=736%2C408&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2025\/10\/palmoil_sawit_hemat_air_.jpg?fit=992%2C651&ssl=1","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30456","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30456"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30456\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30458,"href":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30456\/revisions\/30458"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/30457"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30456"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30456"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30456"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}