Flooding is part of the hydrometeorological dynamics, which is influenced by global climate change, increase of extreme rainfall, and land-use changes. The IPCC report (2021) had proven that extreme flooding events had been rising sharply worldwide\u2014including in countries without oil palm plantations, such as Germany, China, and Japan\u00b9.<\/p>\n
Therefore, flooding cannot be attributed to a single commodity like palm oil, but rather to a combination of global and local factors.<\/p>\n
BNPB Data 2025: Provinces With Highest Flood Cases Not Palm Centers<\/strong><\/h3>\nAccording to BNPB data released through Katadata’s Databoks, as of November 28, 2025, 1,502 flood incidents had been recorded across Indonesia\u00b2.<\/p>\n
Interestingly, the three provinces with the highest number of flooding cases were:<\/p>\n
![](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/dir-site\/uploads\/2025\/12\/data_banjir_bnpb_2025.png?resize=1200%2C800&ssl=1\")
<\/strong><\/p>\nFollowing is a list of the 10 provinces with the highest number of flood disasters nationally, as of November 28, 2025:<\/p>\n
\n- West Java: 168 incidents<\/li>\n
- East Java: 154 incidents<\/li>\n
- Central Java: 132 incidents<\/li>\n
- Central Sulawesi: 98 incidents<\/li>\n
- Lampung: 80 incidents<\/li>\n
- North Sumatra: 75 incidents<\/li>\n
- Riau: 74 incidents<\/li>\n
- West Nusa Tenggara: 70 incidents<\/li>\n
- Banten: 55 incidents.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
The three provinces with the highest flood intensity are on the island of Java, which has no oil palm plantation centers.<\/p>\n
Conversely, oil palm-producing provinces such as:<\/p>\n
\n- Riau (74 incidents)<\/li>\n
- West Kalimantan (approximately 40 incidents)<\/li>\n
- East Kalimantan (approximately 30 incidents)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
are not among the provinces with the highest flood occurrences.<\/p>\n
This indicates that flood frequency is not directly correlated with the presence of oil palm plantations.<\/p>\n
Causes of Flood multidimensional, not just singular<\/strong><\/h3>\nScientific assessment shows flooding is influenced by various factors, which include:<\/p>\n
Extreme Rainfalls<\/strong><\/p>\nBMKG reported the increase of extreme rainfall intensity in Indonesia during the last five years as the impact of global climate change\u2074.<\/p>\n
The decrease of land absorption due to urbanization<\/strong><\/p>\nJava island has seen the highest urbanization rate in Indonesia\u2075, causing massive change of land uses which resulted in the decline of land ability to absorb water.<\/p>\n
Damage and sedimentation of watershed (DAS)<\/strong><\/p>\nThe report of the environment and forestry ministry (KLHK) in 2023 shows that 118 DAS are in critical condition \u2076.<\/p>\n
Population density and space pressure<\/strong><\/p>\nThe provinces with the highest flooding incidents are also the most densely populated, which exacerbates environmental pressures.<\/p>\n
There is no literature that identifies oil palm as the only cause of flooding. Its impacts depend largely on governance practices, not the commodity itself.<\/p>\n
International Study: Oil Palm Plantations can support water infiltration if managed well<\/strong><\/h3>\nCIFOR research (2020) found that oil palm plantations aged 5\u201325 years have:<\/p>\n
\n- thick surface litters, which slows surface runoff<\/li>\n
- increased soil porosity, resulting in better water infiltration than bare land\u2077<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
This means that the impact of oil palm on flooding is not automatically negative, but rather depends on:<\/p>\n
\n- land management<\/li>\n
- riparian maintenance<\/li>\n
- protection of conservation area<\/li>\n
- watershed conservation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Overall Analysis: 2025 Data Shows Consistent Trends<\/strong><\/h3>\nCompared with national flood data from 2010\u20132016, which recorded non- palm oil producing provinces as flood epicenters (8)<\/em>, the 2025 trend shows a consistent pattern:<\/p>\n\n- The provinces with the most flooding cases are non-oil palm centers<\/li>\n
- Palm oil producing provinces do not dominate the flood list<\/li>\n
- The main contributing factors are extreme weather, urbanization, and watershed damage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Based on analysis of the latest BNPB data up to December 2025, hydrological studies, and international studies:<\/p>\n
\n- Flooding is a global and multidimensional phenomenon, not caused by a single commodity<\/li>\n
- Provinces with oil palm centers are not included in the top list of provinces with highest flooding incidents in Indonesia<\/li>\n
- Watershed management, urbanization, and extreme rainfall are key factors<\/li>\n
- Good palm oil management not only reduces flood risk but also increases water infiltration. (*)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\n\u00b9 IPCC \u2013 AR6 WG1 (Physical Science Basis) \u2013 Chapter Extreme Weather (PDF). <\/span>
\nhttps:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar6\/wg1\/downloads\/report\/IPCC_AR6_WGI_FullReport.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\u00b2 BNPB \u2013 Dataset Kejadian Bencana (2008\u20132025) \u2013 Data Banjir per Provinsi. <\/span>
\nhttps:\/\/data.bnpb.go.id\/dataset\/data-bencana-indonesia<\/span><\/p>\n\u00b3 Databoks Katadata \u2013 Statistik BNPB: Provinsi Paling Sering Dilanda Banjir \u00a0hingga 28 Nov 2025<\/span>
\nhttps:\/\/databoks.katadata.co.id\/lingkungan\/statistik\/6929073762d6b\/banjir-bencana-yang-paling-banyak-terjadi-di-indonesia-per-28-november-2025<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\u2074 BMKG \u2013 Analisis Curah Hujan Bulanan (menampilkan tren hujan ekstrem 2024\u20132025). https:\/\/www.bmkg.go.id\/iklim\/analisis-hujan.bmkg<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\u2075 Bappenas \u2013 Indonesia Urbanization Sector Review (World Bank \u00d7 Bappenas). https:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/099051523092937313\/pdf\/P1781220bf36750f00936206e3863179e5e.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\u2076 KLHK \u2013 Status DAS Indonesia (DAS Prioritas & DAS Kritis). https:\/\/perpustakaan.menlhk.go.id\/jelajah\/index.php?p=fstream&fid=7513&bid=4354<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\u2077 CIFOR \u2013 Oil Palm and Hydrological Impacts (2020). https:\/\/www.cifor.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/09\/PO-Palm-Oil-and-Hydrology.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n8 <\/sup>BNPB (2017) \u2013 Akumulasi Jumlah Bencana Banjir di Indonesia Tahun 2010 \u2013 2016. attachment<\/em><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
<\/strong><\/p>\nFollowing is a list of the 10 provinces with the highest number of flood disasters nationally, as of November 28, 2025:<\/p>\n
- \n
- West Java: 168 incidents<\/li>\n
- East Java: 154 incidents<\/li>\n
- Central Java: 132 incidents<\/li>\n
- Central Sulawesi: 98 incidents<\/li>\n
- Lampung: 80 incidents<\/li>\n
- North Sumatra: 75 incidents<\/li>\n
- Riau: 74 incidents<\/li>\n
- West Nusa Tenggara: 70 incidents<\/li>\n
- Banten: 55 incidents.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
The three provinces with the highest flood intensity are on the island of Java, which has no oil palm plantation centers.<\/p>\n
Conversely, oil palm-producing provinces such as:<\/p>\n
- \n
- Riau (74 incidents)<\/li>\n
- West Kalimantan (approximately 40 incidents)<\/li>\n
- East Kalimantan (approximately 30 incidents)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
are not among the provinces with the highest flood occurrences.<\/p>\n
This indicates that flood frequency is not directly correlated with the presence of oil palm plantations.<\/p>\n
Causes of Flood multidimensional, not just singular<\/strong><\/h3>\n
Scientific assessment shows flooding is influenced by various factors, which include:<\/p>\n
Extreme Rainfalls<\/strong><\/p>\n
BMKG reported the increase of extreme rainfall intensity in Indonesia during the last five years as the impact of global climate change\u2074.<\/p>\n
The decrease of land absorption due to urbanization<\/strong><\/p>\n
Java island has seen the highest urbanization rate in Indonesia\u2075, causing massive change of land uses which resulted in the decline of land ability to absorb water.<\/p>\n
Damage and sedimentation of watershed (DAS)<\/strong><\/p>\n
The report of the environment and forestry ministry (KLHK) in 2023 shows that 118 DAS are in critical condition \u2076.<\/p>\n
Population density and space pressure<\/strong><\/p>\n
The provinces with the highest flooding incidents are also the most densely populated, which exacerbates environmental pressures.<\/p>\n
There is no literature that identifies oil palm as the only cause of flooding. Its impacts depend largely on governance practices, not the commodity itself.<\/p>\n
International Study: Oil Palm Plantations can support water infiltration if managed well<\/strong><\/h3>\n
CIFOR research (2020) found that oil palm plantations aged 5\u201325 years have:<\/p>\n
- \n
- thick surface litters, which slows surface runoff<\/li>\n
- increased soil porosity, resulting in better water infiltration than bare land\u2077<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
This means that the impact of oil palm on flooding is not automatically negative, but rather depends on:<\/p>\n
- \n
- land management<\/li>\n
- riparian maintenance<\/li>\n
- protection of conservation area<\/li>\n
- watershed conservation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Overall Analysis: 2025 Data Shows Consistent Trends<\/strong><\/h3>\n
Compared with national flood data from 2010\u20132016, which recorded non- palm oil producing provinces as flood epicenters (8)<\/em>, the 2025 trend shows a consistent pattern:<\/p>\n
- \n
- The provinces with the most flooding cases are non-oil palm centers<\/li>\n
- Palm oil producing provinces do not dominate the flood list<\/li>\n
- The main contributing factors are extreme weather, urbanization, and watershed damage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Based on analysis of the latest BNPB data up to December 2025, hydrological studies, and international studies:<\/p>\n
- \n
- Flooding is a global and multidimensional phenomenon, not caused by a single commodity<\/li>\n
- Provinces with oil palm centers are not included in the top list of provinces with highest flooding incidents in Indonesia<\/li>\n
- Watershed management, urbanization, and extreme rainfall are key factors<\/li>\n
- Good palm oil management not only reduces flood risk but also increases water infiltration. (*)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\n\u00b9 IPCC \u2013 AR6 WG1 (Physical Science Basis) \u2013 Chapter Extreme Weather (PDF). <\/span>
\nhttps:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar6\/wg1\/downloads\/report\/IPCC_AR6_WGI_FullReport.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\u00b2 BNPB \u2013 Dataset Kejadian Bencana (2008\u20132025) \u2013 Data Banjir per Provinsi. <\/span>
\nhttps:\/\/data.bnpb.go.id\/dataset\/data-bencana-indonesia<\/span><\/p>\n\u00b3 Databoks Katadata \u2013 Statistik BNPB: Provinsi Paling Sering Dilanda Banjir \u00a0hingga 28 Nov 2025<\/span>
\nhttps:\/\/databoks.katadata.co.id\/lingkungan\/statistik\/6929073762d6b\/banjir-bencana-yang-paling-banyak-terjadi-di-indonesia-per-28-november-2025<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\u2074 BMKG \u2013 Analisis Curah Hujan Bulanan (menampilkan tren hujan ekstrem 2024\u20132025). https:\/\/www.bmkg.go.id\/iklim\/analisis-hujan.bmkg<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n
\u2075 Bappenas \u2013 Indonesia Urbanization Sector Review (World Bank \u00d7 Bappenas). https:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/099051523092937313\/pdf\/P1781220bf36750f00936206e3863179e5e.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n
\u2076 KLHK \u2013 Status DAS Indonesia (DAS Prioritas & DAS Kritis). https:\/\/perpustakaan.menlhk.go.id\/jelajah\/index.php?p=fstream&fid=7513&bid=4354<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n
\u2077 CIFOR \u2013 Oil Palm and Hydrological Impacts (2020). https:\/\/www.cifor.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/09\/PO-Palm-Oil-and-Hydrology.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n
8 <\/sup>BNPB (2017) \u2013 Akumulasi Jumlah Bencana Banjir di Indonesia Tahun 2010 \u2013 2016. attachment<\/em><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
![attachment<\/em><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Is it true that oil palm plantations cause flooding? Analysis of flooding based on the latest BNPB 2025 Data. The issue of oil palm plantations as the primary cause of flooding has \u00a0frequently emerged in various regions of Indonesia. But very often such conclusion is drawn without considering empirical data, hydrological studies, and national disaster… Evaluation Of Flood Causing Factors Based On BNPB 2025 Data<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":30888,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"off","neve_meta_content_width":70,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","neve_meta_reading_time":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[3708,3709],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30887","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-publication","category-recent-news"],"yoast_head":"\nEvaluation Of Flood Causing Factors Based On BNPB 2025 Data - Gabungan Pengusaha Kelapa Sawit Indonesia (GAPKI)<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The issue of oil palm plantations as the primary cause of flooding has \u00a0frequently emerged in various regions of Indonesia. 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It can happen in almost all countries across the globe and it has nothing to do with the oil palm plantations. As reported by Palm Oil Indonesia, the developed countries in Europe, North America, Australia, China and others,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Publication"","block_context":{"text":"Publication","link":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/category\/publication\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2021\/09\/banjir_padangkita_padangkita.com_.jpg?fit=800%2C450&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2021\/09\/banjir_padangkita_padangkita.com_.jpg?fit=800%2C450&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2021\/09\/banjir_padangkita_padangkita.com_.jpg?fit=800%2C450&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2021\/09\/banjir_padangkita_padangkita.com_.jpg?fit=800%2C450&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":28831,"url":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/2024\/10\/31\/palm-oil-and-landslides-strongly-related-or-fabricated\/","url_meta":{"origin":30887,"position":1},"title":"Palm Oil And Landslides: Strongly related Or Fabricated?","author":"admin","date":"October 31, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"JAKARTA \u2013 It is true that there have been many reports on landslides in Indonesia. But it is not true that such natural disasters only occurred in oil palm plantation areas. Please read the following facts to prove it. Besides flooding, landslides have been often attributed to the oil palm\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Myths & Facts"","block_context":{"text":"Myths & Facts","link":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/category\/myths-facts\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2023\/05\/palmoil_id_idhsustainabletrade.com_.jpg?fit=858%2C574&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2023\/05\/palmoil_id_idhsustainabletrade.com_.jpg?fit=858%2C574&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2023\/05\/palmoil_id_idhsustainabletrade.com_.jpg?fit=858%2C574&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2023\/05\/palmoil_id_idhsustainabletrade.com_.jpg?fit=858%2C574&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":28853,"url":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/2024\/11\/01\/drought-only-happens-in-palm-oil-producing-provinces\/","url_meta":{"origin":30887,"position":2},"title":"Drought Only Happens In Palm Oil Producing Provinces?","author":"admin","date":"November 1, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"JAKARTA \u2013 Drought disaster only occurred in the palm oil producing provinces?. Find out the answer to this question by reading the following facts. The phenomenon of drought disaster is also an indication of global climate change, which has occurred in many countries across the globe, including Indonesia. Data from\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Myths & Facts"","block_context":{"text":"Myths & Facts","link":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/category\/myths-facts\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2024\/10\/emisi_GRK_minyak_nabati_-__.jpg?fit=727%2C437&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2024\/10\/emisi_GRK_minyak_nabati_-__.jpg?fit=727%2C437&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2024\/10\/emisi_GRK_minyak_nabati_-__.jpg?fit=727%2C437&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2024\/10\/emisi_GRK_minyak_nabati_-__.jpg?fit=727%2C437&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":30854,"url":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/2025\/12\/10\/floods-and-landslides-in-ri-complex-and-many-factors-at-play\/","url_meta":{"origin":30887,"position":3},"title":"Floods And Landslides In RI: Complex And Many Factors At Play","author":"admin","date":"December 10, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"When it comes to public discussions, oil palm plantations are often attributed to natural disasters, such as floods, landslides, and forest fires. But actually, such \u00a0environmental realities involve many interconnected factors. It is crucial for the public to gain a more comprehensive understanding by examining the issue based on scientific\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Publication"","block_context":{"text":"Publication","link":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/category\/publication\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ilustrasi_banjir_longsor_gapki.id_.jpg?fit=1022%2C631&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ilustrasi_banjir_longsor_gapki.id_.jpg?fit=1022%2C631&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ilustrasi_banjir_longsor_gapki.id_.jpg?fit=1022%2C631&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ilustrasi_banjir_longsor_gapki.id_.jpg?fit=1022%2C631&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":30863,"url":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/2025\/12\/12\/climate-change-steep-slopes-main-culprits-of-sumatran-floods\/","url_meta":{"origin":30887,"position":4},"title":"Climate Change, Steep Slopes Main Culprits Of Sumatran floods","author":"admin","date":"December 12, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"The flash floods that struck Aceh, North Sumatra, and West Sumatra provinces, have once again sparked a public debate over their underlying causes. Many people highlighted the activities of forest exploitation in steeply sloping areas as the contributing factor, which can be worsened by extreme rainfalls as a result of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Publication"","block_context":{"text":"Publication","link":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/category\/publication\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ilustrasi-gambar_gapki.id_curah_hujan_tinggi_gapki.id_.jpg?fit=1002%2C566&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ilustrasi-gambar_gapki.id_curah_hujan_tinggi_gapki.id_.jpg?fit=1002%2C566&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ilustrasi-gambar_gapki.id_curah_hujan_tinggi_gapki.id_.jpg?fit=1002%2C566&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ilustrasi-gambar_gapki.id_curah_hujan_tinggi_gapki.id_.jpg?fit=1002%2C566&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":30260,"url":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/2025\/09\/03\/tracing-the-real-culprit-of-climate-change-oil-palm-or-else\/","url_meta":{"origin":30887,"position":5},"title":"Tracing The Real Culprit Of Climate Change: Oil Palm Or Else?","author":"admin","date":"September 3, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"Global climate change has become a threatening specter for people across the globe. Flash floods, extreme drought, tropical storm, and melting polar ice, are said as proofs that our planet is being \u201csick\u201d. Then who is to blame? Again the oil palm plantations and their growers become the scapegoats. 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