{"id":32556,"date":"2026-11-05T10:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-11-05T03:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/2026\/11\/05\/understanding-and-finding-the-cause-of-forest-and-land-fires\/"},"modified":"2026-11-05T10:00:00","modified_gmt":"2026-11-05T03:00:00","slug":"understanding-and-finding-the-cause-of-forest-and-land-fires","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/2026\/11\/05\/understanding-and-finding-the-cause-of-forest-and-land-fires\/","title":{"rendered":"Understanding and Finding the Cause of Forest and Land Fires"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"gapki-karhutla\" lang=\"en\" style=\"max-width:820px;margin:0 auto;color:#21362c;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">\n<div class=\"gk-summary\" style=\"margin:0 0 26px;padding:clamp(16px,4vw,28px);border:1px solid #214e3f;border-top:5px solid #bde6a8;border-radius:16px;background:#153f32;color:#fff;text-align:left\">\n<div class=\"gk-summary__label\" style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:800;line-height:1.4;letter-spacing:0.11em;text-transform:uppercase;margin:0 0 10px;color:#d6f2c9\">Key Points<\/div>\n<div class=\"gk-summary__title\" style=\"margin:0 0 16px;color:#fff;font-size:clamp(20px,4vw,27px);line-height:1.33;font-weight:750\">Karhutla is a multifactor phenomenon. Climate, peatland characteristics, human activity, and land governance all interact in determining fire risk.<\/div>\n<ul class=\"gk-summary__list\" style=\"margin:0;padding:0 0 0 1.25em;list-style-type:disc;color:#f0f8f3;font-size:15px;line-height:1.6\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 7px;padding-left:2px;color:#f0f8f3\">Large-scale fires are <strong style=\"color:#d6f2c9;font-weight:800\">not unique to Indonesia<\/strong> \u2014 the United States and the European Union also experience them across millions of hectares.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 7px;padding-left:2px;color:#f0f8f3\">Southeast Asia stores <strong style=\"color:#d6f2c9;font-weight:800\">68% of the world&#8217;s tropical peat<\/strong>, making peatland water management key to prevention.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 7px;padding-left:2px;color:#f0f8f3\">Indonesia&#8217;s fire area has declined from <strong style=\"color:#d6f2c9;font-weight:800\">2.61 million ha (2015)<\/strong> to <strong style=\"color:#d6f2c9;font-weight:800\">\u00b1359,619 ha (2025)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 7px;padding-left:2px;color:#f0f8f3\">Attribution of responsibility must be <strong style=\"color:#d6f2c9;font-weight:800\">based on evidence and legal process<\/strong>, not merely on fire location.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 22px;color:#21362c;font-size:clamp(18px,3vw,20px);line-height:1.65;text-align:left\">\n    <strong style=\"color:#216347;font-weight:800\">JAKARTA<\/strong> \u2013 Forest and land fires (karhutla) are back in the spotlight as drought risk rises with the El Ni\u00f1o phenomenon in 2026. Yet understanding karhutla requires more than looking at the area burned or pointing to a single culprit. Fire is a complex phenomenon shaped by climate conditions, land characteristics, human activity, and regional governance.<span id=\"more-1820\"><\/span>\n  <\/p>\n<figure class=\"gk-figure\" style=\"margin:0 0 25px;padding:0;border:1px solid #d8e6de;border-radius:14px;overflow:hidden;background:#f3f8f5;text-align:left\">\n    <img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-932\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/dir-site\/uploads\/2016\/06\/dishut.sultengprov.go_.idviakebakaran-hutan.jpg?resize=800%2C435&amp;ssl=1\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/dir-site\/uploads\/2016\/06\/dishut.sultengprov.go_.idviakebakaran-hutan.jpg?w=800&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/dir-site\/uploads\/2016\/06\/dishut.sultengprov.go_.idviakebakaran-hutan.jpg?resize=300%2C163&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/dir-site\/uploads\/2016\/06\/dishut.sultengprov.go_.idviakebakaran-hutan.jpg?resize=768%2C418&amp;ssl=1 768w\" alt=\"Burnt area during a fire season\" width=\"800\" height=\"435\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" style=\"display:block;width:100%;max-width:100%;height:auto;margin:0;border:0\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:1.55;color:#4d675b;text-align:left;margin:0;padding:10px 14px;font-style:normal\">A burnt area during a fire season. (Source: Central Sulawesi Provincial Forestry Office)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">Data shows that forest and land fires are not a phenomenon confined to Indonesia. The United States and European Union countries also face fires spanning millions of hectares. At the same time, Indonesia&#8217;s peatland characteristics mean fires can produce very large smoke and emission impacts.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">Addressing karhutla therefore needs to rest on data, objective evidence, and a prevention approach involving all stakeholders.<\/p>\n<div style=\"margin:28px 0 34px;padding:clamp(16px,4vw,28px);border:1px solid #d8e6de;border-radius:14px;background:#f3f8f5\">\n<p style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:800;line-height:1.4;letter-spacing:0.11em;text-transform:uppercase;margin:0 0 10px;color:#216347\">Table of contents<\/p>\n<ol style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:6px 38px;margin:0;padding:0 0 0 1.25em;color:#216347;list-style-type:decimal;font-size:15px;line-height:1.5\">\n<li style=\"flex:1 1 260px;margin:0;padding-left:2px\"><a href=\"#karhutla-global\" style=\"color:#216347;font-weight:650;text-decoration:underline\">Karhutla worldwide<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"flex:1 1 260px;margin:0;padding-left:2px\"><a href=\"#karhutla-iklim-gambut\" style=\"color:#216347;font-weight:650;text-decoration:underline\">El Ni\u00f1o and peatlands<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"flex:1 1 260px;margin:0;padding-left:2px\"><a href=\"#karhutla-tren-indonesia\" style=\"color:#216347;font-weight:650;text-decoration:underline\">Trends in Indonesia<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"flex:1 1 260px;margin:0;padding-left:2px\"><a href=\"#karhutla-konsesi-sawit\" style=\"color:#216347;font-weight:650;text-decoration:underline\">Fires and oil palm concessions<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"flex:1 1 260px;margin:0;padding-left:2px\"><a href=\"#karhutla-tata-kelola\" style=\"color:#216347;font-weight:650;text-decoration:underline\">Governance and incentives<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"flex:1 1 260px;margin:0;padding-left:2px\"><a href=\"#karhutla-regulasi\" style=\"color:#216347;font-weight:650;text-decoration:underline\">Regulatory framework<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"flex:1 1 260px;margin:0;padding-left:2px\"><a href=\"#karhutla-pencegahan\" style=\"color:#216347;font-weight:650;text-decoration:underline\">Six prevention steps<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"flex:1 1 260px;margin:0;padding-left:2px\"><a href=\"#karhutla-simpulan\" style=\"color:#216347;font-weight:650;text-decoration:underline\">Conclusion<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div>\n<p style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:800;line-height:1.4;letter-spacing:0.11em;text-transform:uppercase;margin:36px 0 8px;padding-top:20px;border-top:1px solid #d8e6de;color:#216347\">PART 01<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"karhutla-global\" style=\"margin:0 0 15px;color:#153f32;font-size:clamp(24px,4.3vw,34px);font-weight:780;line-height:1.2;text-align:left;letter-spacing:-0.025em\">Karhutla as a Global Phenomenon<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">Forest and land fires occur in many countries with different ecosystem characteristics and climate conditions. Monitoring data shows that the United States and the European Union also experience fires on a large scale.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">Below is a comparison of the area burned in Indonesia, the United States, and the European Union:<\/p>\n<div class=\"gk-table-wrap\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"karhutla-tabel-1\" style=\"margin:20px 0 8px;max-width:100%;overflow:auto;border:1px solid #d8e6de;border-radius:13px;background:#fff\">\n<table class=\"gk-table\" style=\"width:100%;margin:0;border:0;border-spacing:0;border-collapse:collapse;color:#21362c;font-size:clamp(13px,2.5vw,15px);line-height:1.45;text-align:left\">\n<caption id=\"karhutla-tabel-1\" style=\"caption-side:top;margin:0;padding:12px 13px;border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#e8f3ed;color:#153f32;font-weight:750;text-align:left\">\n        <span style=\"display:block;margin:0 0 3px;color:#216347;font-size:12px;font-weight:800;line-height:1.4;letter-spacing:0.11em;text-transform:uppercase\">TABLE 01<\/span>Area burned across three regions, 2024\u20132025<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;background:#153f32;color:#fff;text-align:left;font-weight:720;vertical-align:bottom\">Year<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;background:#153f32;color:#fff;text-align:right;font-weight:720;vertical-align:bottom\">Indonesia<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;background:#153f32;color:#fff;text-align:right;font-weight:720;vertical-align:bottom\">United States<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;background:#153f32;color:#fff;text-align:right;font-weight:720;vertical-align:bottom\">European Union<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"gk-num\" scope=\"row\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#fff;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:650;vertical-align:top\">2024<\/th>\n<td class=\"gk-num gk-em\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#e3f3e8;color:#145436;text-align:right;font-weight:800;vertical-align:top\">376,805 ha<\/td>\n<td class=\"gk-num\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#fff;color:#21362c;text-align:right;font-weight:400;vertical-align:top\">\u00b13.61 million ha<\/td>\n<td class=\"gk-num\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#fff;color:#21362c;text-align:right;font-weight:400;vertical-align:top\">383,317 ha<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"gk-num\" scope=\"row\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;background:#f5f9f6;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:650;vertical-align:top\">2025<\/th>\n<td class=\"gk-num gk-em\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;background:#e3f3e8;color:#145436;text-align:right;font-weight:800;vertical-align:top\">\u00b1359,619 ha<\/td>\n<td class=\"gk-num\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;background:#f5f9f6;color:#21362c;text-align:right;font-weight:400;vertical-align:top\">\u00b12.08 million ha<\/td>\n<td class=\"gk-num\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;background:#f5f9f6;color:#21362c;text-align:right;font-weight:400;vertical-align:top\">1,079,538 ha<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/div>\n<p class=\"gk-source\" style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:1.55;color:#4d675b;text-align:left;margin:0 0 22px;padding:0 2px\">\n    <strong style=\"color:#153f32;font-weight:750\">Source:<\/strong> SiPongi, National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC), and European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS).<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">In 2023, the area burned in Indonesia was recorded at around 1.16 million hectares, while the United States reached about 1.09 million hectares. These figures show that large-scale fires also occur in countries with relatively advanced fire monitoring and response systems.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">The European Union even recorded its worst fire season since the EFFIS system began in 2025, with more than one million hectares burned.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">Even so, cross-country comparisons need to be read proportionally. Definitions of burned areas, mapping methods, ecosystem characteristics, and fire causes are not always identical. Indonesia faces its own challenges, particularly peatlands that can store and sustain fire beneath the soil surface.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">Thus, karhutla is not a problem that can be attached to a single country, ecosystem, or commodity.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:800;line-height:1.4;letter-spacing:0.11em;text-transform:uppercase;margin:36px 0 8px;padding-top:20px;border-top:1px solid #d8e6de;color:#216347\">PART 02<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"karhutla-iklim-gambut\" style=\"margin:0 0 15px;color:#153f32;font-size:clamp(24px,4.3vw,34px);font-weight:780;line-height:1.2;text-align:left;letter-spacing:-0.025em\">El Ni\u00f1o, Peatlands, and Land-Clearing Activity<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">The scale of fire impacts in Indonesia cannot be separated from the interaction between climate conditions, land characteristics, and human activity.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">El Ni\u00f1o can prolong dry periods and reduce rainfall. Such conditions increase the vulnerability of vegetation and organic material on the soil surface to fire.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">During the 2015 fire season \u2014 one of the worst periods in satellite observation history \u2014 scientific research found that fire activity in Indonesia had a nonlinear relationship with drought levels. The longer the rainless period, the greater the potential increase in fire activity, particularly on degraded peatlands.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">This becomes more complex when fire is used to clear or prepare land. If flames reach the peat layer, burning can continue underground and is difficult to extinguish with conventional methods.<\/p>\n<div class=\"gk-callout\" style=\"margin:22px 0;padding:16px clamp(13px,4vw,23px);border-left:4px solid #3d8666;border-radius:0 12px 12px 0;background:#edf6f0\">\n<div class=\"gk-callout__title\" style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:800;line-height:1.4;letter-spacing:0.11em;text-transform:uppercase;margin:0 0 7px;color:#216347\">Key Fact<\/div>\n<p style=\"color:#21362c;margin:0;font-size:16px;line-height:1.65;text-align:left\">Southeast Asia stores around <strong>68% of the world&#8217;s tropical peat<\/strong>. Drainage and land-cover change increase peatland vulnerability, making peat water management an important aspect of fire prevention.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">Research on fires in Sumatra in 2013 also showed that large emissions from peat fires can occur even without extreme drought.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">In other words, karhutla prevention cannot rely solely on weather monitoring. Peat hydrology management, restoration of degraded land, and oversight of land-clearing activity must be part of a long-term strategy.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:800;line-height:1.4;letter-spacing:0.11em;text-transform:uppercase;margin:36px 0 8px;padding-top:20px;border-top:1px solid #d8e6de;color:#216347\">PART 03<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"karhutla-tren-indonesia\" style=\"margin:0 0 15px;color:#153f32;font-size:clamp(24px,4.3vw,34px);font-weight:780;line-height:1.2;text-align:left;letter-spacing:-0.025em\">Indonesia&#8217;s Fire Trends and the Progress of Control Efforts<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">Historical data shows that the area of forest and land fires in Indonesia fluctuates from year to year. Significant increases generally occur when climate conditions bring prolonged drought.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">Below is the development of Indonesia&#8217;s karhutla area across selected years:<\/p>\n<div class=\"gk-table-wrap\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"karhutla-tabel-2\" style=\"margin:20px 0 8px;max-width:100%;overflow:auto;border:1px solid #d8e6de;border-radius:13px;background:#fff\">\n<table class=\"gk-table\" style=\"width:100%;margin:0;border:0;border-spacing:0;border-collapse:collapse;color:#21362c;font-size:clamp(13px,2.5vw,15px);line-height:1.45;text-align:left\">\n<caption id=\"karhutla-tabel-2\" style=\"caption-side:top;margin:0;padding:12px 13px;border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#e8f3ed;color:#153f32;font-weight:750;text-align:left\">\n        <span style=\"display:block;margin:0 0 3px;color:#216347;font-size:12px;font-weight:800;line-height:1.4;letter-spacing:0.11em;text-transform:uppercase\">TABLE 02<\/span>Indonesia&#8217;s karhutla area across selected years<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;background:#153f32;color:#fff;text-align:left;font-weight:720;vertical-align:bottom\">Year<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;background:#153f32;color:#fff;text-align:right;font-weight:720;vertical-align:bottom\">Karhutla Area<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;background:#153f32;color:#fff;text-align:left;font-weight:720;vertical-align:bottom\">Note<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"gk-num\" scope=\"row\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#fff;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:650;vertical-align:top\">2015<\/th>\n<td class=\"gk-num\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#fff;color:#21362c;text-align:right;font-weight:400;vertical-align:top\">2,611,411 ha<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#fff;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:400;vertical-align:top\">Peak fires<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"gk-num\" scope=\"row\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#f5f9f6;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:650;vertical-align:top\">2016<\/th>\n<td class=\"gk-num\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#f5f9f6;color:#21362c;text-align:right;font-weight:400;vertical-align:top\">438,363 ha<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#f5f9f6;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:400;vertical-align:top\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"gk-num\" scope=\"row\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#fff;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:650;vertical-align:top\">2017<\/th>\n<td class=\"gk-num\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#fff;color:#21362c;text-align:right;font-weight:400;vertical-align:top\">165,484 ha<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#fff;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:400;vertical-align:top\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"gk-num\" scope=\"row\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#f5f9f6;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:650;vertical-align:top\">2019<\/th>\n<td class=\"gk-num\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#f5f9f6;color:#21362c;text-align:right;font-weight:400;vertical-align:top\">1,649,258 ha<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#f5f9f6;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:400;vertical-align:top\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"gk-num\" scope=\"row\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#fff;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:650;vertical-align:top\">2020<\/th>\n<td class=\"gk-num\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#fff;color:#21362c;text-align:right;font-weight:400;vertical-align:top\">296,942 ha<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#fff;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:400;vertical-align:top\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"gk-num\" scope=\"row\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#f5f9f6;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:650;vertical-align:top\">2023<\/th>\n<td class=\"gk-num\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#f5f9f6;color:#21362c;text-align:right;font-weight:400;vertical-align:top\">1,161,193 ha<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#f5f9f6;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:400;vertical-align:top\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"gk-num\" scope=\"row\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#fff;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:650;vertical-align:top\">2024<\/th>\n<td class=\"gk-num\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#fff;color:#21362c;text-align:right;font-weight:400;vertical-align:top\">376,805 ha<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#fff;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:400;vertical-align:top\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"gk-num\" scope=\"row\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;background:#f5f9f6;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:650;vertical-align:top\">2025<\/th>\n<td class=\"gk-num gk-em\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;background:#e3f3e8;color:#145436;text-align:right;font-weight:800;vertical-align:top\">\u00b1359,619 ha<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;background:#f5f9f6;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:400;vertical-align:top\">Estimate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/div>\n<p class=\"gk-source\" style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:1.55;color:#4d675b;text-align:left;margin:0 0 22px;padding:0 2px\">\n    <strong style=\"color:#153f32;font-weight:750\">Source:<\/strong> SiPongi, Ministry of Forestry.<\/p>\n<div class=\"gk-stats\" style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px;margin:24px 0\">\n<div class=\"gk-stat\" style=\"flex:1 1 170px;padding:15px 14px;border:1px solid #d8e6de;border-top:3px solid #61997b;border-radius:12px;background:#f3f8f5\">\n<div class=\"gk-stat__value\" style=\"margin:0 0 4px;color:#153f32;font-size:clamp(23px,4vw,29px);font-weight:800;line-height:1.15;letter-spacing:-0.03em\">2.61 million ha<\/div>\n<div class=\"gk-stat__label\" style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:1.55;color:#4d675b;text-align:left;font-weight:600\">Indonesia&#8217;s fire peak in 2015<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"gk-stat\" style=\"flex:1 1 170px;padding:15px 14px;border:1px solid #d8e6de;border-top:3px solid #61997b;border-radius:12px;background:#f3f8f5\">\n<div class=\"gk-stat__value\" style=\"margin:0 0 4px;color:#153f32;font-size:clamp(23px,4vw,29px);font-weight:800;line-height:1.15;letter-spacing:-0.03em\">\u00b1359,619 ha<\/div>\n<div class=\"gk-stat__label\" style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:1.55;color:#4d675b;text-align:left;font-weight:600\">Indonesia&#8217;s karhutla area in 2025<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"gk-stat\" style=\"flex:1 1 170px;padding:15px 14px;border:1px solid #d8e6de;border-top:3px solid #61997b;border-radius:12px;background:#f3f8f5\">\n<div class=\"gk-stat__value\" style=\"margin:0 0 4px;color:#153f32;font-size:clamp(23px,4vw,29px);font-weight:800;line-height:1.15;letter-spacing:-0.03em\">68%<\/div>\n<div class=\"gk-stat__label\" style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:1.55;color:#4d675b;text-align:left;font-weight:600\">Of the world&#8217;s tropical peat stored in Southeast Asia<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">The data shows that fire peaks have declined, from around 2.61 million hectares in 2015 to 1.65 million hectares in 2019 and about 1.16 million hectares in 2023.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">This decline is a notable development in karhutla control efforts. However, the contribution of each factor \u2014 such as changes in rainfall, peat restoration, law enforcement, and weather modification operations \u2014 still needs to be examined separately so policy effectiveness can be measured objectively.<\/p>\n<div class=\"gk-callout gk-callout--gold\" style=\"margin:22px 0;padding:16px clamp(13px,4vw,23px);border-left:4px solid #a77120;border-radius:0 12px 12px 0;background:#fff6e2\">\n<div class=\"gk-callout__title\" style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:800;line-height:1.4;letter-spacing:0.11em;text-transform:uppercase;margin:0 0 7px;color:#704812\">Methodology Note<\/div>\n<p style=\"color:#21362c;margin:0;font-size:16px;line-height:1.65;text-align:left\">Greenpeace Indonesia estimates the indicative karhutla area for 2023 at no less than <strong>2.13 million hectares<\/strong>, larger than SiPongi&#8217;s figure of about <strong>1.16 million hectares<\/strong>. This difference highlights the importance of agreed mapping methodology and data transparency.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">That difference shows the importance of agreed mapping methodology and data transparency. Consistent data is needed so that fire control progress can be evaluated more accurately.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:800;line-height:1.4;letter-spacing:0.11em;text-transform:uppercase;margin:36px 0 8px;padding-top:20px;border-top:1px solid #d8e6de;color:#216347\">PART 04<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"karhutla-konsesi-sawit\" style=\"margin:0 0 15px;color:#153f32;font-size:clamp(24px,4.3vw,34px);font-weight:780;line-height:1.2;text-align:left;letter-spacing:-0.025em\">Oil Palm Plantations in the Fire Map: The Importance of Evidence-Based Attribution<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">The link between oil palm plantations and karhutla is often debated. In discussing this issue, it is important to distinguish between the location of fires, the original source of ignition, and the party responsible.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">Hotspots detected by satellites indicate locations of heat activity; they do not automatically prove who started the fire.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">Under certain conditions, fires can spread from one area to another. This can occur through surface vegetation or underground peat layers, especially when dry weather and wind support the spread.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">RSPO monitoring data for its members&#8217; concessions as of 27 October 2026 illustrates this picture:<\/p>\n<div class=\"gk-table-wrap\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"karhutla-tabel-3\" style=\"margin:20px 0 8px;max-width:100%;overflow:auto;border:1px solid #d8e6de;border-radius:13px;background:#fff\">\n<table class=\"gk-table\" style=\"width:100%;margin:0;border:0;border-spacing:0;border-collapse:collapse;color:#21362c;font-size:clamp(13px,2.5vw,15px);line-height:1.45;text-align:left\">\n<caption id=\"karhutla-tabel-3\" style=\"caption-side:top;margin:0;padding:12px 13px;border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#e8f3ed;color:#153f32;font-weight:750;text-align:left\">\n        <span style=\"display:block;margin:0 0 3px;color:#216347;font-size:12px;font-weight:800;line-height:1.4;letter-spacing:0.11em;text-transform:uppercase\">TABLE 03<\/span>Monitoring findings on RSPO member concessions<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;background:#153f32;color:#fff;text-align:left;font-weight:720;vertical-align:bottom\">Category<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;background:#153f32;color:#fff;text-align:right;font-weight:720;vertical-align:bottom\">Fire Hotspots<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;background:#153f32;color:#fff;text-align:right;font-weight:720;vertical-align:bottom\">Area<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#fff;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:650;vertical-align:top\">Inside concessions<\/th>\n<td class=\"gk-num gk-em\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#e3f3e8;color:#145436;text-align:right;font-weight:800;vertical-align:top\">382<\/td>\n<td class=\"gk-num\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#fff;color:#21362c;text-align:right;font-weight:400;vertical-align:top\">\u00b12,090 ha<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#f5f9f6;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:650;vertical-align:top\">Originated outside concessions, spread inward<\/th>\n<td class=\"gk-num\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#f5f9f6;color:#21362c;text-align:right;font-weight:400;vertical-align:top\">100<\/td>\n<td class=\"gk-num\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#f5f9f6;color:#21362c;text-align:right;font-weight:400;vertical-align:top\">\u00b1687 ha<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;background:#fff;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:650;vertical-align:top\">Outside concessions<\/th>\n<td class=\"gk-num\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;background:#fff;color:#21362c;text-align:right;font-weight:400;vertical-align:top\">520<\/td>\n<td class=\"gk-num\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;background:#fff;color:#21362c;text-align:right;font-weight:400;vertical-align:top\">\u00b16,422 ha<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/div>\n<p class=\"gk-source\" style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:1.55;color:#4d675b;text-align:left;margin:0 0 22px;padding:0 2px\">\n    <strong style=\"color:#153f32;font-weight:750\">Source:<\/strong> RSPO monitoring data for member concessions, as of 27 October 2026.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">This data covers only RSPO members and does not represent all oil palm plantation operators in Indonesia. Nevertheless, these findings highlight the importance of monitoring the origin of fires and their spread paths before assigning attribution of responsibility.<\/p>\n<div class=\"gk-stats\" style=\"display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px;margin:24px 0\">\n<div class=\"gk-stat\" style=\"flex:1 1 170px;padding:15px 14px;border:1px solid #d8e6de;border-top:3px solid #61997b;border-radius:12px;background:#f3f8f5\">\n<div class=\"gk-stat__value\" style=\"margin:0 0 4px;color:#153f32;font-size:clamp(23px,4vw,29px);font-weight:800;line-height:1.15;letter-spacing:-0.03em\">36<\/div>\n<div class=\"gk-stat__label\" style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:1.55;color:#4d675b;text-align:left;font-weight:600\">Corporations with oil palm concessions affected by fires in Jambi (\u22484,000 ha of 42,455 ha)<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"gk-stat\" style=\"flex:1 1 170px;padding:15px 14px;border:1px solid #d8e6de;border-top:3px solid #61997b;border-radius:12px;background:#f3f8f5\">\n<div class=\"gk-stat__value\" style=\"margin:0 0 4px;color:#153f32;font-size:clamp(23px,4vw,29px);font-weight:800;line-height:1.15;letter-spacing:-0.03em\">32<\/div>\n<div class=\"gk-stat__label\" style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:1.55;color:#4d675b;text-align:left;font-weight:600\">Companies given administrative sanctions (12,926.74 ha across seven provinces)<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"gk-stat\" style=\"flex:1 1 170px;padding:15px 14px;border:1px solid #d8e6de;border-top:3px solid #61997b;border-radius:12px;background:#f3f8f5\">\n<div class=\"gk-stat__value\" style=\"margin:0 0 4px;color:#153f32;font-size:clamp(23px,4vw,29px);font-weight:800;line-height:1.15;letter-spacing:-0.03em\">2<\/div>\n<div class=\"gk-stat__label\" style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:1.55;color:#4d675b;text-align:left;font-weight:600\">Corporations named as suspects<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">Law enforcement confirms that every case must be handled on the basis of evidence and due legal process. Responsibility must be established proportionally based on field facts, not by generalizing all operators or commodities.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">However, the plantation industry also needs to acknowledge the importance of fire prevention in concession areas.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">Research on fire emissions in Indonesia shows that fires on industrial concessions \u2014 including oil palm plantations and industrial timber estates \u2014 contribute to emissions and air pollution in the Equatorial Asia region.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">These findings use fire data from 2006 and are spatial in nature, showing the location of fires and their contribution to emissions, not proving the identity of those who started them.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">Therefore, stronger prevention, monitoring, transparency, and compliance in concession areas are an important part of the plantation sector&#8217;s responsibility.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:800;line-height:1.4;letter-spacing:0.11em;text-transform:uppercase;margin:36px 0 8px;padding-top:20px;border-top:1px solid #d8e6de;color:#216347\">PART 05<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"karhutla-tata-kelola\" style=\"margin:0 0 15px;color:#153f32;font-size:clamp(24px,4.3vw,34px);font-weight:780;line-height:1.2;text-align:left;letter-spacing:-0.025em\">Land Governance and Economic Incentives as Root Causes<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">Karhutla is not only related to natural factors and land-clearing activity, but is also influenced by socio-economic conditions and regional governance.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">A study by CIFOR, Universitas Riau, and IPB in several districts of Riau Province found networks of actors profiting economically from land clearing by burning.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">The research revealed that organizers of farmer groups could gain up to USD 486 per hectare. Land cleared by burning was also reported to have a higher sale value, around USD 856 per hectare, compared with USD 665 per hectare for land cleared without burning.<\/p>\n<div class=\"gk-table-wrap\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"karhutla-tabel-4\" style=\"margin:20px 0 8px;max-width:100%;overflow:auto;border:1px solid #d8e6de;border-radius:13px;background:#fff\">\n<table class=\"gk-table\" style=\"width:100%;margin:0;border:0;border-spacing:0;border-collapse:collapse;color:#21362c;font-size:clamp(13px,2.5vw,15px);line-height:1.45;text-align:left\">\n<caption id=\"karhutla-tabel-4\" style=\"caption-side:top;margin:0;padding:12px 13px;border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#e8f3ed;color:#153f32;font-weight:750;text-align:left\">\n        <span style=\"display:block;margin:0 0 3px;color:#216347;font-size:12px;font-weight:800;line-height:1.4;letter-spacing:0.11em;text-transform:uppercase\">TABLE 04<\/span>Economic incentives for land clearing in Riau<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;background:#153f32;color:#fff;text-align:left;font-weight:720;vertical-align:bottom\">Indicator<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;background:#153f32;color:#fff;text-align:right;font-weight:720;vertical-align:bottom\">Value<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#fff;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:650;vertical-align:top\">Profit for farmer-group organizers<\/th>\n<td class=\"gk-num\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#fff;color:#21362c;text-align:right;font-weight:400;vertical-align:top\">USD 486\/ha<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#f5f9f6;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:650;vertical-align:top\">Sale value of land cleared by burning<\/th>\n<td class=\"gk-num gk-em\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#e3f3e8;color:#145436;text-align:right;font-weight:800;vertical-align:top\">USD 856\/ha<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;background:#fff;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:650;vertical-align:top\">Sale value of land cleared without burning<\/th>\n<td class=\"gk-num\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;background:#fff;color:#21362c;text-align:right;font-weight:400;vertical-align:top\">USD 665\/ha<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/div>\n<p class=\"gk-source\" style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:1.55;color:#4d675b;text-align:left;margin:0 0 22px;padding:0 2px\">\n    <strong style=\"color:#153f32;font-weight:750\">Source:<\/strong> CIFOR, Universitas Riau, and IPB study in Riau Province.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">This happens because land cleared by fire is considered more ready for planting. Such practices develop particularly in open-access areas, abandoned concessions, and regions with unclear land claims and control.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">These findings show that karhutla is not solely about individual behaviour. Economic incentives and land governance problems can also drive burning practices.<\/p>\n<div class=\"gk-callout\" style=\"margin:22px 0;padding:16px clamp(13px,4vw,23px);border-left:4px solid #3d8666;border-radius:0 12px 12px 0;background:#edf6f0\">\n<div class=\"gk-callout__title\" style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:800;line-height:1.4;letter-spacing:0.11em;text-transform:uppercase;margin:0 0 7px;color:#216347\">Perspective on Resource Governance<\/div>\n<p style=\"color:#21362c;margin:0;font-size:16px;line-height:1.65;text-align:left\">These conditions relate to the concept of the <em>tragedy of the commons<\/em>, where a shared resource without adequate regulation and oversight is at risk of damage. <strong>Elinor Ostrom&#8217;s<\/strong> thinking shows that clear rules, monitoring, and sanction mechanisms can help communities manage resources sustainably.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">Therefore, legal certainty over land status and boundaries, oversight of open-access areas, and incentives for farmers to apply zero-burning land clearing are an important part of karhutla prevention strategy.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:800;line-height:1.4;letter-spacing:0.11em;text-transform:uppercase;margin:36px 0 8px;padding-top:20px;border-top:1px solid #d8e6de;color:#216347\">PART 06<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"karhutla-regulasi\" style=\"margin:0 0 15px;color:#153f32;font-size:clamp(24px,4.3vw,34px);font-weight:780;line-height:1.2;text-align:left;letter-spacing:-0.025em\">Regulatory Framework and Strengthening Fire Prevention<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">Indonesia already has a legal framework to prevent and address forest and land fires.<\/p>\n<div class=\"gk-table-wrap\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"karhutla-tabel-5\" style=\"margin:20px 0 8px;max-width:100%;overflow:auto;border:1px solid #d8e6de;border-radius:13px;background:#fff\">\n<table class=\"gk-table\" style=\"width:100%;margin:0;border:0;border-spacing:0;border-collapse:collapse;color:#21362c;font-size:clamp(13px,2.5vw,15px);line-height:1.45;text-align:left\">\n<caption id=\"karhutla-tabel-5\" style=\"caption-side:top;margin:0;padding:12px 13px;border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#e8f3ed;color:#153f32;font-weight:750;text-align:left\">\n        <span style=\"display:block;margin:0 0 3px;color:#216347;font-size:12px;font-weight:800;line-height:1.4;letter-spacing:0.11em;text-transform:uppercase\">TABLE 05<\/span>Regulations related to karhutla control<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;background:#153f32;color:#fff;text-align:left;font-weight:720;vertical-align:bottom\">Regulation<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;background:#153f32;color:#fff;text-align:left;font-weight:720;vertical-align:bottom\">Substance<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#fff;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:650;vertical-align:top\">Law No. 32 of 2009<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#fff;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:400;vertical-align:top\">Prohibition of land clearing by burning, with limited exceptions for local wisdom<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#f5f9f6;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:650;vertical-align:top\">Law No. 39 of 2014<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#f5f9f6;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:400;vertical-align:top\">Prohibition for plantation operators to clear or cultivate land by burning<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#fff;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:650;vertical-align:top\">Government Regulation No. 57 of 2016<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #d8e6de;background:#fff;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:400;vertical-align:top\">Protection of peatland ecosystems<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\" style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;background:#f5f9f6;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:650;vertical-align:top\">Presidential Regulation No. 120 of 2020<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding:10px clamp(5px,2vw,13px);border:0;background:#f5f9f6;color:#21362c;text-align:left;font-weight:400;vertical-align:top\">Peatland and Mangrove Restoration Agency (continuing Presidential Regulation No. 1 of 2016)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">With this regulatory framework, the next challenge is ensuring consistent implementation, effective oversight, and quality evidence in handling each case.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:800;line-height:1.4;letter-spacing:0.11em;text-transform:uppercase;margin:36px 0 8px;padding-top:20px;border-top:1px solid #d8e6de;color:#216347\">PART 07<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"karhutla-pencegahan\" style=\"margin:0 0 15px;color:#153f32;font-size:clamp(24px,4.3vw,34px);font-weight:780;line-height:1.2;text-align:left;letter-spacing:-0.025em\">Six Strategic Steps for Data-Based Karhutla Control<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">To reduce the risk of forest and land fires, an approach combining prevention, monitoring, ecosystem restoration, and law enforcement is needed. Strategic steps that can be strengthened include:<\/p>\n<ol class=\"gk-steps\" style=\"margin:18px 0 26px;padding:0 0 0 1.6em;color:#216347;list-style-type:decimal\">\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 9px;padding:12px 14px;border:1px solid #d8e6de;border-radius:10px;background:#f3f8f5;color:#21362c;font-size:16px;line-height:1.65\">\n      <strong style=\"display:block;margin:0 0 4px;color:#153f32;font-size:17px;font-weight:750;line-height:1.35\">Strengthen climate-based early warning systems<\/strong><br \/>\n      Monitoring rainfall and drought development needs to be the basis for prevention measures. Meteorological information can identify high-risk areas and accelerate response before fires spread.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 9px;padding:12px 14px;border:1px solid #d8e6de;border-radius:10px;background:#f3f8f5;color:#21362c;font-size:16px;line-height:1.65\">\n      <strong style=\"display:block;margin:0 0 4px;color:#153f32;font-size:17px;font-weight:750;line-height:1.35\">Restore peatland hydrology and ecosystems<\/strong><br \/>\n      Peat water management, rewetting, and land-cover restoration are important steps to reduce vulnerability to fire. These efforts need to be continuous, especially on degraded peatlands.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 9px;padding:12px 14px;border:1px solid #d8e6de;border-radius:10px;background:#f3f8f5;color:#21362c;font-size:16px;line-height:1.65\">\n      <strong style=\"display:block;margin:0 0 4px;color:#153f32;font-size:17px;font-weight:750;line-height:1.35\">Promote zero-burning land clearing<\/strong><br \/>\n      Zero-burning land clearing methods need to be strengthened through mentoring, technology, and economic incentives for farmers, giving communities viable economic alternatives to fire.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 9px;padding:12px 14px;border:1px solid #d8e6de;border-radius:10px;background:#f3f8f5;color:#21362c;font-size:16px;line-height:1.65\">\n      <strong style=\"display:block;margin:0 0 4px;color:#153f32;font-size:17px;font-weight:750;line-height:1.35\">Strengthen evidence-based fire attribution<\/strong><br \/>\n      Determining responsible parties needs to consider the fire&#8217;s origin and spread path. Satellite imagery and ongoing monitoring can help produce more objective conclusions.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 9px;padding:12px 14px;border:1px solid #d8e6de;border-radius:10px;background:#f3f8f5;color:#21362c;font-size:16px;line-height:1.65\">\n      <strong style=\"display:block;margin:0 0 4px;color:#153f32;font-size:17px;font-weight:750;line-height:1.35\">Improve fire data transparency<\/strong><br \/>\n      Reporting on fires inside and outside concession areas needs strengthening. Open data enables public verification while encouraging greater accountability among all stakeholders.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin:0 0 9px;padding:12px 14px;border:1px solid #d8e6de;border-radius:10px;background:#f3f8f5;color:#21362c;font-size:16px;line-height:1.65\">\n      <strong style=\"display:block;margin:0 0 4px;color:#153f32;font-size:17px;font-weight:750;line-height:1.35\">Build cross-sector collaboration<\/strong><br \/>\n      Differences in mapping results between government and civil society show the need for coordination on methodology and data exchange. Government, businesses, academics, and communities need a shared body of accountable information.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:800;line-height:1.4;letter-spacing:0.11em;text-transform:uppercase;margin:36px 0 8px;padding-top:20px;border-top:1px solid #d8e6de;color:#216347\">PART 08<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"karhutla-simpulan\" style=\"margin:0 0 15px;color:#153f32;font-size:clamp(24px,4.3vw,34px);font-weight:780;line-height:1.2;text-align:left;letter-spacing:-0.025em\">Karhutla Requires a Comprehensive Solution<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">Forest and land fires are a multifactor problem that cannot be explained by a single cause. Climate conditions, peat hydrology, human activity, economic incentives, and land governance all interact in determining fire risk.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">International data shows that large-scale fires are not a phenomenon confined to Indonesia or linked to a single commodity. Meanwhile, national data shows a decline in burned area in several years after the 2015 peak, though control challenges remain.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">For the oil palm industry, the most constructive approach is to strengthen responsibility through prevention, data openness, good land management, and regulatory compliance.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 1.1em;color:#21362c;font-size:17px;line-height:1.75;text-align:left\">At the same time, assigning responsibility for fires must be done objectively through scientific evidence and legal process. Fire location alone does not prove who started the blaze.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"gk-quote\" style=\"margin:26px 0;padding:clamp(16px,4vw,28px);border:0;border-left:5px solid #bde6a8;border-radius:0 14px 14px 0;background:#153f32;color:#fff;text-align:left;font-style:normal\">\n<p style=\"font-size:12px;font-weight:800;line-height:1.4;letter-spacing:0.11em;text-transform:uppercase;margin:0 0 9px;color:#d6f2c9\">Lessons from 2015<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0;color:#fff;font-size:clamp(17px,3vw,20px);line-height:1.55;font-weight:550\">The major fires of 2015 taught that prevention is far more effective than response after flames spread. Strengthening early warning systems, peat restoration, land governance certainty, and cross-sector collaboration must be priorities in building sustainable karhutla control.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<hr class=\"gk-divider\" style=\"margin:24px 0 16px;border:0;border-top:1px solid #d8e6de;background:transparent;height:0\">\n<p class=\"eckb-article-title\" style=\"font-size:13px;line-height:1.55;color:#4d675b;text-align:left;margin:0;padding:13px 15px;border:1px solid #d8e6de;border-radius:10px;background:#f3f8f5\">Also read on WikiSawit <a href=\"https:\/\/gapki.id\/id\/wikisawit\/knowledge-base\/api-iklim-tata-kelola-lahan-karhutla\/\" style=\"color:#216347;font-weight:750;text-decoration:underline\">Fire, Climate, and Land Governance: Reading Karhutla with Data.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Key Points Karhutla is a multifactor phenomenon. Climate, peatland characteristics, human activity, and land governance all interact in determining fire risk. Large-scale fires are not unique to Indonesia \u2014 the United States and the European Union also experience them across millions of hectares. Southeast Asia stores 68% of the world&#8217;s tropical peat, making peatland water&hellip;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/2026\/11\/05\/understanding-and-finding-the-cause-of-forest-and-land-fires\/\" class=\"\" rel=\"bookmark\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Understanding and Finding the Cause of Forest and Land Fires<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":32557,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rop_custom_images_group":[],"rop_custom_messages_group":[],"rop_publish_now":"initial","rop_publish_now_accounts":{"facebook_10230177101845668_169165420120838":""},"rop_publish_now_history":[],"rop_publish_now_status":"pending","neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","neve_meta_reading_time":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[3710],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32556","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-info-activity"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Understanding and Finding the Cause of Forest and Land Fires - Gabungan Pengusaha Kelapa Sawit Indonesia (GAPKI)<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/2026\/11\/05\/understanding-and-finding-the-cause-of-forest-and-land-fires\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Understanding and Finding the Cause of Forest and Land Fires - Gabungan Pengusaha Kelapa Sawit Indonesia (GAPKI)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Key Points Karhutla is a multifactor phenomenon. Climate, peatland characteristics, human activity, and land governance all interact in determining fire risk. Large-scale fires are not unique to Indonesia \u2014 the United States and the European Union also experience them across millions of hectares. Southeast Asia stores 68% of the world&#8217;s tropical peat, making peatland water&hellip;&nbsp;Understanding and Finding the Cause of Forest and Land Fires\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/2026\/11\/05\/understanding-and-finding-the-cause-of-forest-and-land-fires\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Gabungan Pengusaha Kelapa Sawit Indonesia (GAPKI)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-11-05T03:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/dir-site\/uploads\/2016\/06\/dishut.sultengprov.go_.idviakebakaran-hutan.jpg?resize=800%2C435&amp;ssl=1\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"10 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/2026\/11\/05\/understanding-and-finding-the-cause-of-forest-and-land-fires\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/2026\/11\/05\/understanding-and-finding-the-cause-of-forest-and-land-fires\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/c2cee368ea6173d53e932e04704efe25\"},\"headline\":\"Understanding and Finding the Cause of Forest and Land Fires\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-11-05T03:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-11-05T03:00:00+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/2026\/11\/05\/understanding-and-finding-the-cause-of-forest-and-land-fires\/\"},\"wordCount\":1995,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/gapki.id\/en\/news\/2026\/11\/05\/understanding-and-finding-the-cause-of-forest-and-land-fires\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/gapki.id\/en\/dir-site\/uploads\/2016\/06\/dishut.sultengprov.go_.idviakebakaran-hutan.jpg?fit=%2C&ssl=1\",\"articleSection\":[\"Info &amp; 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Climate, peatland characteristics, human activity, and land governance all interact in determining fire risk. Large-scale fires are not unique to Indonesia \u2014 the United States and the European Union also experience them across millions of hectares. 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